How a DC Motor Works?

A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts direct current (DC) into mechanical energy through the interaction of magnetic fields and electric current. Understanding how a DC motor works is essential for applications in robotics, electric vehicles, and industrial equipment.

Core Principle

A DC motor works on the principle that a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. This force causes the motor to rotate. The direction of rotation can be determined using Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule.

Main Components

• Stator – creates a fixed magnetic field using permanent magnets or field windings.
• Rotor (Armature) – a coil that carries current and rotates within the magnetic field.
• Commutator – a split ring that reverses the current direction in the rotor coil every half rotation.
• Brushes – conduct electricity from the power source to the commutator.

Step-by-Step Operation

• The stator generates a stationary magnetic field.
• When the motor is powered, current flows through the armature coil, creating an electromagnetic field.
• The interaction between the magnetic field of the stator and the electromagnetic field of the armature produces a torque, causing the rotor to turn.
• As the rotor turns, the commutator reverses the direction of current flow, ensuring continuous rotation in one direction.
• This process continues as long as power is supplied, converting electrical energy into mechanical motion.